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Improving Extreme Temperature Degradation of Silicone Rubber Using Flame Retardant Additives
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Silicone rubber is well known for its durability at high temperatures. While other polymers such as nitrile, polyacrylate, and polyurethane have maximum service temperatures of around 70-150oC, silicone can withstand operating environments around 200-250oC. However, exposure to extreme temperatures will cause the silicone to combust. A common way to improve the resistance to extreme temperatures and fire is to include flame retardant additives in the manufacturing process. Not only does this increase the ignition temperature of silicone, but it also increases the durability of silicone at high temperatures and changes the way it combusts. Jehbco’s flame retardant silicones have been tested under AS1530.3, EN45545 and other standards to guarantee your peace of mind for high-temperature applications.

Silicone rubber has exhibits unique behavior at elevated temperatures. While most plastics will begin to melt at high temperatures, silicone does not have a melting point and remains solid until combustion occurs. At high temperatures (200-450oC), silicone rubber will slowly lose its mechanical properties over time, becoming brittle. The exact autoignition temperature of silicone depends on many factors such as the hardness of silicone, curing catalyst and any additives used. The standard autoignition temperature is around 450oC.

Silicone also exhibits unique behaviour during the combustion process. As the autoignition temperature is reached, the sample will smoke briefly before it begins to crack and combust. The silicone will expand in volume as volatiles are released, before the brittle combusted silicone breaks away from the sample, and will disintegrate into a fine powder upon any application of pressure. Silicone rubber primarily consists of a silicon-oxygen-silicon backbone with various carbon-containing methyl and vinyl groups. Upon combustion, silicon dioxide and carbon oxides are produced. The carbon monoxide and dioxide gasses are released into the atmosphere, while the silicon dioxide, as shown in Figure 1, creates a layer of white powder on the surface of the sample. This layer of silicon dioxide cannot be combusted further and acts as an insulating layer to help slow down and prevent further combustion of silicone.

 

Figure 1: Insulating silicon dioxide powder forming on a combusted silicone rubber sample

Figure 1: Insulating silicon dioxide powder forming on a combusted silicone rubber sample

 

At Jehbco, we have been researching and developing new silicone rubber for over 40 years. Our flame retardant silicones have had extraordinary success in improving the flame retardant properties of silicone rubber. As shown in Figure 2, two different levels of flame retardant silicone were combusted along with a standard silicone rubber sample. The flame retardant silicone both ignited at higher temperatures than silicone rubber, and the extent of damage in the samples after combustion is much lower than the standard silicone rubber.

 

Figure 2: Combustion of standard silicone rubber (left) compared to various flame retardant silicone (right)

Figure 2: Combustion of standard silicone rubber (left) compared to various flame retardant silicone (right)

 

Ultimately, if you are looking for a reliable construction material for high-temperature applications, Jehbco’s flame retardant silicones are among the most durable and reliable materials available on the market.  For further information or advice about which flame retardant silicone best suits your application, please review the Jehbco website www.jehbco.com.au, and contact us with any questions.

 

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Silicone vs Natural Rubber
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At Jehbco, we manufacture our products exclusively from pure silicone. Silicone is a type of polymer known as an “elastomer” – these polymers are stretchy or elastic. For many applications, it is not quite clear which elastomer is the best to use. Probably the most well known elastomer is natural rubber, commonly known as latex.  In this article, we’ll look at the properties of silicone and natural rubber and discover when you might choose one or the other.

Natural rubber, with the chemical name polyisopropene, is produced naturally from the sap of the rubber tree.  Silicone, on the other hand, is a synthetic material.  While both materials are elastomers, they differ in many of their properties.  Some of these properties are summarised in the table below.

 

Natural Rubber Silicone
-50 °C to 80 °C -50 °C to 230 °C
Excellent compression set Excellent compression set
Poor weather resistance Excellent weather resistance
Approx. tensile strength 25 MPa Approx. tensile strength 5 MPa
Excellent abrasion resistance Poor abrasion resistance
Not compatible with: ozone, strong acids, fats, oils, greases, hydrocarbons. Not compatible with: hydrocarbon fuels, alkalis and acids, steam over 121 °C, trichloroethylene, aromatic hydrocarbons.
Compatible with: hot and cold water, weak acids, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes. Compatible with: ozone, oils, brake fluids, hot and cold water, salt water, high molecular weight chlorinated hydrocarbons, fire resistant hydraulic fluid.

 

Both natural rubber and silicone are able to operate at very low temperatures – down to -50 °C.  However, silicone is able to operate at much higher temperatures than natural rubber.  Natural rubber starts deteriorating at 80 °C and melts at 120 °C.  Silicone is able to be formulated to operate up to 230 °C.  Silicone also has significantly better flame resistance than natural rubber.  For high temperature applications, silicone is certainly the better choice.

Neither silicone nor natural rubber have good resistance to hydrocarbon fuels and lubricants.  However, silicone exhibits a wider chemical resistance than natural rubber, often making it the better choice for chemical sealing applications.  The choice of material in chemical applications will depend however on the exact chemicals that the material will come into contact with.  Both materials are used in applications such as piping and tank lining.

 

A discussion on Silicone Vs Rubber with Jehbco Silicone Specialists

A discussion on Silicone Vs Rubber with Jehbco Silicone Specialists

 

Natural rubber exhibits much higher tensile strength, tear strength and abrasion resistance than silicone.  It is used in high wear applications such as tyre treads and conveyor belts.  Silicone has relatively low abrasion resistance, and in applications where a part will be subjected to abrasion and wear, natural rubber is a better choice.

Silicone has excellent resistance to weathering and UV, and is often found in outdoor applications such as door and window seals.  In contrast, natural rubber weathers very quickly and is not suited to outdoor applications.  If your application involves exposure to the elements, silicone is the better choice.

For help selecting a material for your application, please contact us with any questions.

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Parylene-C Coatings on Silicone
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In the silicone industry, a wide variety of coatings are implemented to enhance the physical properties of silicone products. There are many benefits of using chemical coatings, which include, but are not limited to: increased chemical resistance, decreased coefficient of friction, and decreased permeability to moisture.

Amongst the many types of chemical coatings available for silicone products, Parylene coatings are one of the most commonly used materials for silicone products in the food and medical sectors. Parylene is the colloquial name for a series of vapour-deposited coatings that provide chemical and moisture resistance to a range of different products. Parylene-C is the most popular type of Parylene coating used in the silicone industry, due to its ease of application, low cost, and the significant barrier properties it provides. Below is the chemical structure of a Parylene-C monomer, as well as its raw dimer form, known as diparaxylene.

 

 

Currently, Parylene-C coatings are used in the silicone industry to provide a low-friction, almost impervious barrier that can resist chemical attack and high electric currents. The inert, non-toxic properties of Parylene-C make it an ideal coating for silicone materials in the medical industry. Additionally, Parylene-C coatings are FDA approved, which make it an ideal coating for silicone products in the food industry.  Furthermore, the high level of coating thickness control during the vapour deposition process can allow Parylene-C coated products to be used in high-precision instruments, such as seals in medical sterilisers.

Parylene-C is a thin conformal coating, meaning that it conforms to the topography of the material it is applied to.  This is very beneficial for products such as oddly-shaped silicone extrusions, that may not be compatible with other forms of coatings. The ability of Parylene-C to conform to the topography of the given product is due to its unique vapour-deposition application process. Additionally, the vapour-deposition of the Parylene-C coating is normally conducted at room temperature, with no additional catalysts or solvents needed, which allows for the coating of thermo-sensitive or delicate products.

The application process of Parylene-C, while relatively simple, is an integral factor of the effectiveness of Parylene-C coatings. Raw, solid Parylene-C dimer is vapourised into a gas at 100-150°C and is split into individual Parylene-C monomers following exposure to temperatures >500°C. Under vacuum, the monomer gas is pulled into a deposition chamber, in which the desired product is coated at room temperature as the monomer gas polymerises into a solid, uniform coating. The product is removed to storage, and a cold trap at -100°C following the deposition chamber is used to remove residual Parylene-C.

At Jehbco, we strive to provide the perfect silicone product for your needs. For further information or advice about which silicone rubber and coating best suits your application, please review the Jehbco website www.jehbco.com.au, and contact us with any questions

 

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Silicone Extrusions in the Rail Industry
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Silicone is a versatile material with excellent properties.  As such, silicone is a valuable material in many industries, and Jehbco manufactures silicone extrusions for a range of applications.  One key application area is rail transport.

Trains are complicated pieces of machinery which are required to run frequently and reliably for many years of service.  There are many parts of a train requiring an elastomer material and often these parts are subject to severe operating conditions.  For example, door seals see repeated deformation and are exposed to the weather, while seals in engine compartments are subject to high temperatures and exposed to oil.  For many of these parts, silicone is a natural choice.

Rail applications are safety critical, and all materials used in trains must conform to strict standards on fire safety.  Historically, toxic smoke in train crashes has led to increased fatalities, and modern trains are constructed from materials that do not produce toxic smoke, so as to avoid this hazard.  Jehbco’s silicone extrusions are able to meet national and international standards on flame resistance and smoke toxicity.  This is a key reason for our silicone’s widespread use in train construction.

 

 

Silicone exhibits a range of other desirable properties.  Silicone is flexible, strong, and extremely durable, being resistant to UV and ozone.  This range of properties makes Jehbco’s silicone extrusions ideal for a number of internal and external applications, including door seals, window seals, HVAC gaskets and sealing of electronic enclosures.

Silicone is an elastomer, or flexible rubber.  This means silicone is able to dampen vibrations and sound.  Silicone sheeting is used in train walls and ceilings as sound insulation, and in other areas to dampen vibrations and increase passenger comfort.

Jehbco’s silicone can operate over an extremely large range of temperatures (from -50 °C to 230 °C), allowing it to be used for sealing applications near engines and other hot mechanical components.  Silicone is unaffected by water, brake fluids and oils, making it a good choice for many applications requiring flexible tubing.

The properties of Jehbco’s silicone make it an ideal choice for many train parts.  But is the shape and size of our product right for the application?  Jehbco is able to custom engineer a silicone extrusion to any shape and size, and we work with our customers to design the perfect fitting part for any application.

For more details on Jehbco’s silicone extrusions and their applications, consult our website www.Jehbco.com.au and contact us with any questions.

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Silicone vs Nitrile
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When designing your next product, there are a myriad of elastomer materials to choose from.  Jehbco manufactures all our products from 100% silicone.  Is silicone the right elastomer for your application?  In this article, we’ll explore the differences between silicone and a common competitor – nitrile – and clarify which material is the best choice for your design.

Acrylonitrile-butadiene, commonly known as nitrile or NBR, has excellent chemical resistance, similar to silicone.  However, the two materials differ in many of other properties.  The table below summarises some of their key differences.

 

NBR Silicone
-57 °C to 121 °C -50 °C to 230 °C
Great compression set Excellent compression set
Poor weather resistance Excellent weather resistance
Approx. tensile strength 15 MPa Approx. tensile strength 5 MPa
Good abrasion resistance Poor abrasion resistance
Not compatible with: ozone, ketones, esters, aldehydes, chlorinated hydrocarbons, brake fluid, concentrated acids. Some formulations are not food grade. Not compatible with: hydrocarbon fuels, alkalis and acids, steam over 121 °C, trichloroethylene, aromatic hydrocarbons.
Compatible with: hot and cold water, petroleum-based oils and fuels, silicone greases, hydraulic fluids, alcohols, weak acids and alkalis. Compatible with: ozone, oils, brake fluids, hot and cold water, salt water, high molecular weight chlorinated hydrocarbons, fire resistant hydraulic fluid.

 

Both silicone and nitrile exhibit excellent resistance to cold temperatures, remaining flexible down to -50 °C, with special formulations of nitrile remaining flexible to -57 °C (at the expense of other physical properties such as wear resistance). Nitrile can operate to 100 °C, or 121 °C with reduced longevity.  Silicone can operate at much higher temperatures, up to 230 °C.  This makes silicone the best choice for high temperature applications.

Both materials are resistant to a range of chemicals.  Nitrile has excellent resistance to hydrocarbon fuels and oils, making it ideal for automotive fuel applications.  Formulations of nitrile containing phthalate plasticizers cannot be used with food or children’s toys.  Silicone, on the other hand, is food grade and is often used in food and water processing equipment.  For any application, it is important to check that the elastomer is resistant to the chemicals it will come into contact with.

Nitrile has high tensile strength and excellent wear and abrasion resistance.  By contrast, silicone has poor abrasion resistance, and for dynamic applications where elastomers must have good wear characteristics, nitrile is a better choice.

Nitrile exhibits poor resistance to weathering, UV and ozone, making it unsuitable for outdoor applications.  Silicone has excellent weathering characteristics and is highly resistant to both ozone and UV.  For outdoor applications, silicone is a clear winner.

While both materials exhibit good compression set, silicone generally undergoes less compression set than nitrile. This makes silicone a better choice in sealing applications where a long-lasting, reusable seal is required.

For help selecting a material for your application, please contact us with any questions.

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Peroxide Curing in Silicone Manufacturing
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An important part of the silicone manufacturing process is the kind of catalyst used to create the product. During production, a catalyst is added to make the silicone cure, which hardens and sets the final product. Typically, a peroxide catalyst is the cheapest and most common catalyst used to manufacture silicone gaskets, o-rings, strips and cords in the construction sector. The kind of catalyst used can have a significant impact on the product’s appearance, physical behaviour and chemical properties. Thus, it is important to understand how different catalysts can affect the properties of peroxide cured silicone. At Jehbco, we work with our clients to ensure that the ideal catalyst is used to deliver the best silicone product for your application.

 

Silicone Chemistry with Jehbco Silicones

Silicone Chemistry with Jehbco Silicones

 

By definition, a catalyst is a substance that facilitates a forward chemical reaction without being depleted as the reaction takes place. The first step in a peroxide cure is the spontaneous formation of peroxide radicals. These peroxide radicals then break double bonds in the silicone chain structure. The site where the double bond is broken is free to form a single bond with various chemical groups on another silicone chain through a variety of reaction pathways. The bonds that stretch between silicone chains forms a cross-link. This cross-linking between silicone chains is what causes an increase in toughness in the curing process.

 

Reaction Chain with Jehbco Silicones

Reaction Chain with Jehbco Silicones

 

Above: An example reaction to illustrate the formation of a cross-link between two separate silicone chains. The peroxide catalyst allows the double bond to be broken.

A side effect of peroxide curing is a phenomenon known as ‘blooming’. This occurs when the left-over catalyst migrates to the surface of the silicone, forming a powdery white substance or ‘bloom’. This bloom primarily consists of volatile organic acids. Due to this phenomenon, peroxide cured catalysts undergo a post-curing process where they are heated in a controlled and ventilated environment at 200OC for 4 hours. This process removes all of the catalyst and other extractables from the silicone, leaving behind a pure silicone rubber product. However, peroxide cured catalyst unsuitable for food grade applications, as any minuscule amount of extractables left in the silicone is undesirable due to contamination concerns.

The addition of around 1-1.5% w/w of peroxide catalyst to a silicone mixture is enough to facilitate cross-linking. The small amount of catalyst required, as well as the lower cost of peroxide catalyst, is what makes it useful and effective for silicone manufacturing. Peroxide cured silicones are typically more rigid than platinum cured silicones, making them an ideal material for construction or transportation applications. Peroxide cured silicones are often more opaque and sometimes darker than platinum cured silicone.

Ultimately, cross-linked, peroxide cured silicone is a strong, versatile material that is used to manufacture a variety of products. Deciding whether or not peroxide cured silicone is best for your application can depend on a number of factors, but it is most important to think about the cost of the product, product appearance and whether or not food grade silicone is required. At Jehbco we offer both peroxide and platinum cured silicones for an extensive range of applications and industries.

For further information or advice about which silicone rubber best suits your application, please review the Jehbco website www.jehbco.com.au, and contact us with any questions.

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Talc and Silicone Extrusions
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Jehbco manufactures custom silicone extrusions in our Sydney-based factory, carrying out all steps in-house, from product design and development to die cutting, material preparation and manufacture.  This gives us fine grained control over the properties and quality of the final product, allowing us to tailor each product to the requirements of our varied customer base.

Jehbco’s manufacture of silicone extrusions is a process with several steps.  The raw silicone material is first mixed and then fed to an extruder.  The extrusion that comes from the extruder is passed through several stages of heating and then boxed or coiled.  Finally, extrusions are placed in an oven for several hours to post-cure.  The post-cure process reduces the stickiness of silicone, as well as removing volatiles and improving other properties.

In its raw form, silicone is quite sticky.  While some applications require a high degree of stick and friction, such as gaskets which must be retained in joints without additional adhesive, many applications require lower friction than silicone naturally has.  For example, o-rings must slide easily against machine parts and some seals must slide easily into a joint.

A problem with silicone’s natural stickiness is the tendency of some silicones to self-adhere when coiled.   The coils of silicone extrusion may stick to each other, which can lead to tearing of thin sections during uncoiling.   As extrusions are coiled prior to post-curing, the post-curing process does not solve the issue of self-adherence.

To reduce the stickiness of our extrusions, both for low friction applications and to eliminate the risk of self-adherence, we use a talcing process.  After curing and before coiling, a thin layer of talc is applied to the surface of the extrusion.  This layer of talc acts as a lubricant and prevents the extrusions from self-adhering when coiled.  The talc does not react with the silicone and has no effect on the material properties of the extrusion; it only serves to reduce surface friction.

While the talcing process has previously been done by hand, Jehbco are currently implementing an automated talc application process.  This will allow quicker application of a more even and consistent layer of talc on our extrusions.

 

Figure 1: An extrusion passing through Jehbco’s new talc applicator

 

On the other side of the coin, some applications require higher friction than our standard extrusions can offer.  Not a problem! Jehbco can increase the coefficient of friction of our silicone in a number of ways: specifying softer (lower durometer) silicone, different grades of silicone and removing the post-cure process.

Jehbco makes every effort to ensure our product fits your application, from profile design to material properties.

For help matching our products with your application, please review our website www.Jehbco.com.au and contact us with any questions.

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Silicone vs EPDM
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Jehbco manufactures products from 100% silicone.  Often, there are a range of materials to choose from for your application – is Jehbco’s silicone the right one? In this article, we’ll explore the differences between silicone and one of its competitors – EPDM.  Silicone and EPDM are both common materials for o-rings, gaskets, seals, hoses and membranes.  The two materials have many similar properties.  Which one is right for your application?  Let’s take a closer look at the differences between the two.

Silicone and EPDM both exhibit good chemical resistance, excellent weathering resistance and good temperature resistance.  However, their properties are not the same, and, depending on the conditions of the application, one will be a better choice than the other.  The table below summarises some of the key differences between the two materials.

 

EPDM Silicone
-50 °C to 150 °C -50 °C to 230 °C
Great compression set Excellent compression set
Excellent weather resistance Excellent weather resistance
Approx. tensile strength 14 MPa Approx. tensile strength 5 MPa
Good abrasion resistance Poor abrasion resistance
Not compatible with: oils, greases, hydrocarbon fuels, aromatic hydrocarbons, concentrated acids, halogenated solvents. Not compatible with: hydrocarbon fuels, alkalis and acids, steam over 121 °C, trichloroethylene, aromatic hydrocarbons.
Compatible with: hot and cold water, alkalis, dilute acids, steam, ketones, fireproof hydraulic fluids. Compatible with: oils, brake fluids, hot and cold water, salt water, high molecular weight chlorinated hydrocarbons, fire resistant hydraulic fluid, ozone.

 

Both materials are able to operate over a wide range of materials.  EPDM and silicone both maintain flexibility down to approximately -50 °C, making both materials a good choice for low temperature applications.  However, silicone can withstand temperatures almost 100 °C higher than EPDM – up to 230 °C.  For high temperature applications, silicone is the best choice.

EPDM has high tensile strength and good abrasion resistance.  While silicone has good tensile strength, its abrasion resistance is not high, and for applications involving movement and friction, EPDM may be a better choice.  Silicone can be formulated to have improved tear strength, making it an ideal choice for applications such as vacuum sheeting.

Both EPDM and silicone have excellent resistance to ozone and UV.  EPDM is not recommended for use with oils and greases. While silicone does exhibit some swelling when exposed to oils, it is rated as compatible with oils and greases and is a better choice for applications involving these chemicals.  EPDM is compatible with alkalis and dilute acids, but is not resistant to concentrated acids.  Silicone has poor resistance to alkalis and acids, making EPDM the better choice for acid and alkali applications.  Neither material is compatible with hydrocarbon fuel, but silicone is resistant to automotive brake fluids.

While both materials exhibit good compression set, silicone has less compression set than EPDM.  This makes silicone a better choice for applications requiring a long lasting, reusable seal.

While silicone outperforms EPDM in some areas, both materials exhibit good properties and the right choice will depend on your individual application.  For help selecting a material for your application, consult our website www.Jehbco.com.au and contact us with any questions.

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How Coefficient of Friction Changes
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Jehbco manufactures custom engineered silicone extrusions to suit your application’s requirements.  Our engineers take every effort to ensure that our silicone’s properties match your application perfectly.

An important property of silicone is the coefficient of friction (CoF), which describes how hard it is to slide the silicone along a surface.  The CoF affects many areas: examples include the forces in moving seal systems (for example, o-ring seals on pistons); the ability of a seal to remain in place without adhesive; and the compression of a gasket between two hard surfaces.

In a previous article, we discussed how the coefficient of friction is measured.  In this article, we’ll look at what factors influence the CoF and how it can be tailored to your application.

The coefficient of friction is a property of the entire system, not only the silicone.  In general, the coefficient of friction will be higher (that is, sliding will be more difficult) when silicone is in contact with a rough surface than when silicone is in contact with a smooth surface.  The material itself will also affect the coefficient of friction – silicone will slide less against a smooth piece of aluminium than against a smooth piece of Teflon.

 

Figure 1: Measuring coefficient of friction.

Figure 1: Measuring coefficient of friction.

 

One important system property that can affect the coefficient of friction is temperature.  As the temperature decreases, the silicone becomes slightly less soft.  This causes the coefficient of friction to decrease very slightly.  In addition, lower temperatures may produce condensation.  A thin film of water on the surface of the silicone will act as a lubricant and further lower the coefficient of friction, causing the silicone to slide more easily.

Silicone is naturally quite tacky, with a coefficient of friction of approximately 1.0 in many cases.  On many of our products, processes are applied to reduce the coefficient of friction.  These processes include applying a small amount of talc to the silicone surface and post curing the silicone in an oven for several hours.  In general, harder silicones with a higher durometer have a lower coefficient of friction, and our platinum silicone material has a lower coefficient of friction.

Jehbco’s engineers are able to tailor the properties of our silicone to produce a coefficient of friction that meets your requirements, and we have in-house testing capabilities that allow us to measure the coefficient of friction.  For any help with your application please review the Jehbco website www.Jehbco.com.au, and contact us with any questions.

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Silicone as a Sealing Material
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Wherever liquids and gasses are encountered in machinery and construction, mechanical seals are required.  Jehbco produces custom silicone mechanical seals for a variety of applications. Mechanical seals prevent fluids (liquids and gasses) entering between two parts, and they are essential for many man-made things: fuel systems in cars, roofing on houses, taps, fridge door seals – the list goes on!

Silicone as a Sealing Material

Silicone as a Sealing Material

Many sealing systems incorporate a soft, flexible part that, when placed under load, deforms slightly to fill the gaps and irregularities between two hard parts.  These parts generally fall in two categories:

Gaskets: a general term used for a part that is pressed between two harder parts.  The part may have any shape, although flat gaskets are common.  An everyday example is the door seal in a fridge.

O-rings: these are a special type of gasket that are circular and have a round profile (like a doughnut).   O-rings are designed to fit into a groove in one of the parts and are very common in machinery.

Gasket materials must withstand the environment they are to be used in, the fluids they are to seal and the mechanical wear and tear of the application.

Silicone has a range of properties that makes it ideal for many sealing applications:

Temperature range: silicone is able to operate over a very wide range of temperatures, from -50°C to 230°C.

Chemical resistance: silicone is resistant to a wide range of chemicals: engine oil, animal and vegetable oils, brake fluid, fresh and salt water, flame resistant insulators and ozone.  Silicone is not compatible with hydrocarbon fuels, acids or alkalis.

Durability: silicone is UV resistant and exhibits extremely good weathering characteristics.

Low swelling: silicone exhibits a low level of swelling – when exposed to a variety of chemicals, the increase in volume of the silicone seal is low.

The one downside of silicone is its relatively poor resistance to abrasion and tearing.  However, silicone makes an excellent choice for seals in static applications, where the seal will not be continually rubbed or abraded.

Jehbco has produced silicone gaskets for a range of static sealing applications, including light aircraft door seals, where a large temperature range is required; marine door and window seals, where excellent weathering resistance is required; drinking water, food and medical gaskets, requiring excellent chemical resistance; gaskets for electrical enclosures; and o-rings for salt water piping, to name only a few of our applications! For any help with your application please review the Jehbco website www.Jehbco.com.au, and contact us with any questions.

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